Documentation

Lean.Parser.Term

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        A docComment parses a "documentation comment" like /-- foo -/. This is not treated like a regular comment (that is, as whitespace); it is parsed and forms part of the syntax tree structure.

        At parse time, docComment checks the value of the doc.verso option. If it is true, the contents are parsed as Verso markup. If not, the contents are treated as plain text or Markdown. Use plainDocComment to always treat the contents as plain text.

        A plain text doc comment node contains a /-- atom and then the remainder of the comment, foo -/ in this example. Use TSyntax.getDocString to extract the body text from a doc string syntax node. A Verso comment node contains the /-- atom, the document's syntax tree, and a closing -/ atom.

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          A docComment parses a "documentation comment" like /-- foo -/. This is not treated like a regular comment (that is, as whitespace); it is parsed and forms part of the syntax tree structure.

          At parse time, docComment checks the value of the doc.verso option. If it is true, the contents are parsed as Verso markup. If not, the contents are treated as plain text or Markdown. Use plainDocComment to always treat the contents as plain text.

          A plain text doc comment node contains a /-- atom and then the remainder of the comment, foo -/ in this example. Use TSyntax.getDocString to extract the body text from a doc string syntax node. A Verso comment node contains the /-- atom, the document's syntax tree, and a closing -/ atom.

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            Built-in parsers #

            by tac constructs a term of the expected type by running the tactic(s) tac.

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                A type universe. Type ≡ Type 0, Type u ≡ Sort (u + 1).

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                  A specific universe in Lean's infinite hierarchy of universes.

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                    The universe of propositions. Prop ≡ Sort 0.

                    Every proposition is propositionally equal to either True or False.

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                      The sorry term is a temporary placeholder for a missing proof or value.

                      The syntax is intended for stubbing-out incomplete parts of a value or proof while still having a syntactically correct skeleton. Lean will give a warning whenever a declaration uses sorry, so you aren't likely to miss it, but you can double check if a declaration depends on sorry by looking for sorryAx in the output of the #print axioms my_thm command, the axiom used by the implementation of sorry.

                      "Go to definition" on sorry in the Infoview will go to the source position where it was introduced, if such information is available.

                      Each sorry is guaranteed to be unique, so for example the following fails:

                      example : (sorry : Nat) = sorry := rfl -- fails
                      

                      See also the sorry tactic, which is short for exact sorry.

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                          A placeholder for an implicit lambda abstraction's variable. The lambda abstraction is scoped to the surrounding parentheses. For example, (· + ·) is equivalent to fun x y => x + y. Tuple notation and type ascription notation also serve as scopes. Note that (· : ty) expands to ((fun x => x) : ty), so ty should be a function type.

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                            Type ascription notation: (0 : Int) instructs Lean to process 0 as a value of type Int. An empty type ascription (e :) elaborates e without the expected type. This is occasionally useful when Lean's heuristics for filling arguments from the expected type do not yield the right result.

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                              Tuple notation; () is short for Unit.unit, (a, b, c) for Prod.mk a (Prod.mk b c), etc.

                              Conventions for notations in identifiers:

                              • The recommended spelling of (a, b) in identifiers is mk.
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                                Parentheses, used for grouping expressions (e.g., a * (b + c)). Can also be used for creating simple functions when combined with ·. Here are some examples:

                                • (· + 1) is shorthand for fun x => x + 1
                                • (· + ·) is shorthand for fun x y => x + y
                                • (f · a b) is shorthand for fun x => f x a b
                                • (h (· + 1) ·) is shorthand for fun x => h (fun y => y + 1) x
                                • also applies to other parentheses-like notations such as (·, 1) and (· : Nat → Nat)
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                                  The anonymous constructor ⟨e, ...⟩ is equivalent to c e ... if the expected type is an inductive type with a single constructor c. If more terms are given than c has parameters, the remaining arguments are turned into a new anonymous constructor application. For example, ⟨a, b, c⟩ : α × (β × γ) is equivalent to ⟨a, ⟨b, c⟩⟩.

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                                      A sufficesDecl represents everything that comes after the suffices keyword: an optional x :, then a term ty, then from val or by tac.

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                                            @x disables automatic insertion of implicit parameters of the constant x. @e for any term e also disables the insertion of implicit lambdas at this position.

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                                              .(e) marks an "inaccessible pattern", which does not influence evaluation of the pattern match, but may be necessary for type-checking. In contrast to regular patterns, e may be an arbitrary term of the appropriate type.

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                                                      Useful for syntax quotations. Note that generic patterns such as `(matchAltExpr| | ... => $rhs) should also work with other rhsParsers (of arity 1).

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                                                        instance Lean.Parser.Term.instCoeTSyntaxConsSyntaxNodeKindMkStr4Nil_lean :
                                                        Coe (TSyntax `Lean.Parser.Term.matchAltExpr) (TSyntax `Lean.Parser.Term.matchAlt)
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                                                          matchDiscr matches a "match discriminant", either h : tm or tm, used in match as match h1 : e1, e2, h3 : e3 with ....

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                                                                    Pattern matching. match e, ... with | p, ... => f | ... matches each given term e against each pattern p of a match alternative. When all patterns of an alternative match, the match term evaluates to the value of the corresponding right-hand side f with the pattern variables bound to the respective matched values. If used as match h : e, ... with | p, ... => f | ..., h : e = p is available within f.

                                                                    When not constructing a proof, match does not automatically substitute variables matched on in dependent variables' types. Use match (generalizing := true) ... to enforce this.

                                                                    Syntax quotations can also be used in a pattern match. This matches a Syntax value against quotations, pattern variables, or _.

                                                                    Quoted identifiers only match identical identifiers - custom matching such as by the preresolved names only should be done explicitly.

                                                                    Syntax.atoms are ignored during matching by default except when part of a built-in literal. For users introducing new atoms, we recommend wrapping them in dedicated syntax kinds if they should participate in matching. For example, in

                                                                    syntax "c" ("foo" <|> "bar") ...
                                                                    

                                                                    foo and bar are indistinguishable during matching, but in

                                                                    syntax foo := "foo"
                                                                    syntax "c" (foo <|> "bar") ...
                                                                    

                                                                    they are not.

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                                                                      Empty match/ex falso. nomatch e is of arbitrary type α : Sort u if Lean can show that an empty set of patterns is exhaustive given e's type, e.g. because it has no constructors.

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                                                                          Structure instance. { x := e, ... } assigns e to field x, which may be inherited. If e is itself a variable called x, it can be elided: fun y => { x := 1, y }. A structure update of an existing value can be given via with: { point with x := 1 }. The structure type can be specified if not inferable: { x := 1, y := 2 : Point }.

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                                                                                                Indicates that an argument to a function marked @[extern] is borrowed.

                                                                                                Being borrowed only affects the ABI and runtime behavior of the function when compiled or interpreted. From the perspective of Lean's type system, this annotation has no effect. It similarly has no effect on functions not marked @[extern].

                                                                                                When a function argument is borrowed, the function does not consume the value. This means that the function will not decrement the value's reference count or deallocate it, and the caller is responsible for doing so.

                                                                                                Please see https://lean-lang.org/doc/reference/latest/find/?domain=Verso.Genre.Manual.section&name=ffi-borrowing for a complete description.

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                                                                                                  A literal of type Name.

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                                                                                                    A resolved name literal. Evaluates to the full name of the given constant if existent in the current context, or else fails.

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                                                                                                            def Lean.Parser.Term.letPatDecl (requireParens : Bool := false) :
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                                                                                                                letDecl matches the body of a let declaration let f x1 x2 := e, let pat := e (where pat is an arbitrary term) or let f | pat1 => e1 | pat2 => e2 ... (a pattern matching declaration), except for the let keyword itself. let rec declarations are not handled here.

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                                                                                                                  +nondep elaborates as a nondependent let, a have expression.

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                                                                                                                    +postponeValue causes the body of the let to be elaborated before the value.

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                                                                                                                      +usedOnly causes unused lets bindings to be eliminated.

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                                                                                                                        +zeta immediately inlines the let value after elaboration (it zeta reduces the let).

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                                                                                                                          +generalize directs let/have to generalize the value from the expected type before elaborating the body.

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                                                                                                                                  let (eq := h) x := v; ... adds the equality h : x = v to the context while elaborating the body.

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                                                                                                                                    Configuration options for let tactics.

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                                                                                                                                      let is used to declare a local definition. Example:

                                                                                                                                      let x := 1
                                                                                                                                      let y := x + 1
                                                                                                                                      x + y
                                                                                                                                      

                                                                                                                                      Since functions are first class citizens in Lean, you can use let to declare local functions too.

                                                                                                                                      let double := fun x => 2*x
                                                                                                                                      double (double 3)
                                                                                                                                      

                                                                                                                                      For recursive definitions, you should use let rec. You can also perform pattern matching using let. For example, assume p has type Nat × Nat, then you can write

                                                                                                                                      let (x, y) := p
                                                                                                                                      x + y
                                                                                                                                      

                                                                                                                                      The anaphoric let let := v defines a variable called this.

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                                                                                                                                        have is used to declare local hypotheses and opaque local definitions.

                                                                                                                                        It has the same syntax as let, and it is equivalent to let +nondep, creating a nondependent let expression.

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                                                                                                                                          let_fun x := v; b is deprecated syntax sugar for have x := v; b.

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                                                                                                                                            let_delayed x := v; b is similar to let x := v; b, but b is elaborated before v.

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                                                                                                                                              let-declaration that is only included in the elaborated term if variable is still there. It is often used when building macros.

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                                                                                                                                                haveI behaves like have, but inlines the value instead of producing a have term.

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                                                                                                                                                  letI behaves like let, but inlines the value instead of producing a let term.

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                                                                                                                                                        attrKind matches ("scoped" <|> "local")?, used before an attribute like @[local simp].

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                                                                                                                                                              Specify a termination measure for recursive functions.

                                                                                                                                                              termination_by a - b
                                                                                                                                                              

                                                                                                                                                              indicates that termination of the currently defined recursive function follows because the difference between the arguments a and b decreases.

                                                                                                                                                              If the function takes further argument after the colon, you can name them as follows:

                                                                                                                                                              def example (a : Nat) : NatNatNat :=
                                                                                                                                                              termination_by b c => a - b
                                                                                                                                                              

                                                                                                                                                              By default, a termination_by clause will cause the function to be constructed using well-founded recursion. The syntax termination_by structural a (or termination_by structural _ c => c) indicates the function is expected to be structural recursive on the argument. In this case the body of the termination_by clause must be one of the function's parameters.

                                                                                                                                                              If omitted, a termination measure will be inferred. If written as termination_by?, the inferred termination measure will be suggested.

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                                                                                                                                                                Specify a termination measure for recursive functions.

                                                                                                                                                                termination_by a - b
                                                                                                                                                                

                                                                                                                                                                indicates that termination of the currently defined recursive function follows because the difference between the arguments a and b decreases.

                                                                                                                                                                If the function takes further argument after the colon, you can name them as follows:

                                                                                                                                                                def example (a : Nat) : NatNatNat :=
                                                                                                                                                                termination_by b c => a - b
                                                                                                                                                                

                                                                                                                                                                By default, a termination_by clause will cause the function to be constructed using well-founded recursion. The syntax termination_by structural a (or termination_by structural _ c => c) indicates the function is expected to be structural recursive on the argument. In this case the body of the termination_by clause must be one of the function's parameters.

                                                                                                                                                                If omitted, a termination measure will be inferred. If written as termination_by?, the inferred termination measure will be suggested.

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                                                                                                                                                                  Defines a possibly non-terminating function as a fixed-point in a suitable partial order.

                                                                                                                                                                  Such a function is compiled as if it was marked partial, but its equations are provided as theorems, so that it can be verified.

                                                                                                                                                                  In general it accepts functions whose return type has a Lean.Order.CCPO instance and whose definition is Lean.Order.monotone with regard to its recursive calls.

                                                                                                                                                                  Common special cases are

                                                                                                                                                                  • Functions whose type is inhabited a-priori (as with partial), and where all recursive calls are in tail-call position.
                                                                                                                                                                  • Monadic in certain “monotone chain-complete monads” (in particular, Option) composed using the bind operator and other supported monadic combinators.

                                                                                                                                                                  By default, the monotonicity proof is performed by the compositional monotonicity tactic. Using the syntax partial_fixpoint monotonicity by $tac the proof can be done manually.

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                                                                                                                                                                    Defines a coinductive predicate using lattice theory, based on the Knaster-Tarski fixpoint theorem.

                                                                                                                                                                    This feature constructs coinductive predicates by leveraging the lattice structure on Prop and ensures correctness through monotonicity.

                                                                                                                                                                    The coinductive predicate is defined as the greatest fixed point of a monotone function on Prop.

                                                                                                                                                                    By default, monotonicity is verified automatically. However, users can provide custom proofs of monotonicity if needed.

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                                                                                                                                                                      Defines an inductive predicate using lattice theory, based on the Knaster-Tarski fixpoint theorem.

                                                                                                                                                                      This feature constructs inductive predicates by leveraging the lattice structure on Prop and ensures correctness through monotonicity.

                                                                                                                                                                      The inductive predicate is defined as the least fixed point of a monotone function on Prop.

                                                                                                                                                                      By default, monotonicity is verified automatically. However, users can provide custom proofs of monotonicity if needed.

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                                                                                                                                                                        Manually prove that the termination measure (as specified with termination_by or inferred) decreases at each recursive call.

                                                                                                                                                                        By default, the tactic decreasing_tactic is used.

                                                                                                                                                                        Forces the use of well-founded recursion and is hence incompatible with termination_by structural.

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                                                                                                                                                                          Termination hints are termination_by and decreasing_by, in that order.

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                                                                                                                                                                            letRecDecl matches the body of a let-rec declaration: a doc comment, attributes, and then a let declaration without the let keyword, such as /-- foo -/ @[simp] bar := 1.

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                                                                                                                                                                              letRecDecls matches letRecDecl,+, a comma-separated list of let-rec declarations (see letRecDecl).

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                                                                                                                                                                                  A named subsection of where ... finally. In the future, sections such as decreasing_by might become syntactic sugar for an where ... finally subsection | decreasing => ....

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                                                                                                                                                                                    The finally section trailing a where opens a tactic block to fill in ?holes in the definition body.

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                                                                                                                                                                                            unsafe t : α is an expression constructor which allows using unsafe declarations inside the body of t : α, by creating an auxiliary definition containing t and using implementedBy to wrap it in a safe interface. It is required that α is nonempty for this to be sound, but even beyond that, an unsafe block should be carefully inspected for memory safety because the compiler is unable to guarantee the safety of the operation.

                                                                                                                                                                                            For example, the evalExpr function is unsafe, because the compiler cannot guarantee that when you call evalExpr Foo ``Foo e that the type Foo corresponds to the name Foo, but in a particular use case, we can ensure this, so unsafe (evalExpr Foo ``Foo e) is a correct usage.

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                                                                                                                                                                                              binrel% r a b elaborates r a b as a binary relation using the type propagation protocol in Lean.Elab.Extra.

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                                                                                                                                                                                                binrel_no_prop% r a b is similar to binrel% r a b, but it coerces Prop arguments into Bool.

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                                                                                                                                                                                                  binop% f a b elaborates f a b as a binary operation using the type propagation protocol in Lean.Elab.Extra.

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                                                                                                                                                                                                    binop_lazy% is similar to binop% f a b, but it wraps b as a function from Unit.

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                                                                                                                                                                                                      leftact% f a b elaborates f a b as a left action using the type propagation protocol in Lean.Elab.Extra. In particular, it is like a unary operation with a fixed parameter a, where only the right argument b participates in the operator coercion elaborator.

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                                                                                                                                                                                                        rightact% f a b elaborates f a b as a right action using the type propagation protocol in Lean.Elab.Extra. In particular, it is like a unary operation with a fixed parameter b, where only the left argument a participates in the operator coercion elaborator.

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                                                                                                                                                                                                          unop% f a elaborates f a as a unary operation using the type propagation protocol in Lean.Elab.Extra.

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                A macro which evaluates to the name of the currently elaborating declaration.

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                  private_decl% e elaborates e in a private context and wraps the result in a helper def.

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • with_decl_name% id e elaborates e in a context while changing the effective declaration name to id.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • with_decl_name% ?id e does the same, but resolves id as a new definition name (appending the current namespaces).
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                              value_of% x elaborates to the value of x, which can be a local or global definition.

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                clear% x; e elaborates x after clearing the free variable x from the local context. If x cannot be cleared (due to dependencies), it will keep x without failing.

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Helper parser for marking match-alternatives that should not trigger errors if unused. We use them to implement macro_rules and elab_rules

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                In a function application, .. notation inserts zero or more _ placeholders.

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    The extended field notation e.f is roughly short for T.f e where T is the type of e. More precisely,

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • if e is of a function type, e.f is translated to Function.f (p := e) where p is the first explicit parameter of function type
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • if e is of a named type T ... and there is a declaration T.f (possibly from export), e.f is translated to T.f (p := e) where p is the first explicit parameter of type T ...
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • otherwise, if e is of a structure type, the above is repeated for every base type of the structure.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    The field index notation e.i, where i is a positive number, is short for accessing the i-th field (1-indexed) of e if it is of a structure type.

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Syntax kind for syntax nodes representing the field of a projection in the InfoTree. Specifically, the InfoTree node for a projection s.f contains a child InfoTree node with syntax (Syntax.node .none identProjKind #[`f]).

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      This is necessary because projection syntax cannot always be detected purely syntactically (s.f may refer to either the identifier s.f or a projection s.f depending on the available context).

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        x.{u, ...} explicitly specifies the universes u, ... of the constant x.

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          x@e or x@h:e matches the pattern e and binds its value to the identifier x. If present, the identifier h is bound to a proof of x = e.

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            e |>.x is a shorthand for (e).x. It is especially useful for avoiding parentheses with repeated applications.

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              h ▸ e is a macro built on top of Eq.rec and Eq.symm definitions. Given h : a = b and e : p a, the term h ▸ e has type p b. You can also view h ▸ e as a "type casting" operation where you change the type of e by using h.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              The macro tries both orientations of h. If the context provides an expected type, it rewrites the expected type, else it rewrites the type of e`.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              See the Chapter "Quantifiers and Equality" in the manual "Theorem Proving in Lean" for additional information.

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                instance Lean.Parser.Term.instCoeTSyntaxConsSyntaxNodeKindMkStr4Nil_lean_1 :
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Coe (TSyntax `Lean.Parser.Term.bracketedBinderF) (TSyntax `Lean.Parser.Term.bracketedBinder)
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                panic! msg formally evaluates to @Inhabited.default α if the expected type α implements Inhabited. At runtime, msg and the file position are printed to stderr unless the C function lean_set_panic_messages(false) has been executed before. If the C function lean_set_exit_on_panic(true) has been executed before, the process is then aborted.

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  A shorthand for panic! "unreachable code has been reached".

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    dbg_trace e; body evaluates to body and prints e (which can be an interpolated string literal) to stderr. It should only be used for debugging.

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      assert! cond panics if cond evaluates to false.

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        debug_assert! cond panics if cond evaluates to false and the executing code has been built with debug assertions enabled (see the debugAssertions option).

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            A state monad that uses an actual mutable reference cell (i.e. an ST.Ref).

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            This is syntax, rather than a function, to make it easier to use. Its elaborator synthesizes an appropriate parameter for the underlying monad's ST effects, then passes it to StateRefT'.

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Implementation of the show_term term elaborator.

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    match_expr support.

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Throws an error exception, tagging the associated message as a named error with the specified name and validating that an associated error explanation exists. The message may be passed as an interpolated string or a MessageData term. The result of getRef is used as position information.

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Throws an error exception, tagging the associated message as a named error with the specified name and validating that an associated error explanation exists. The error name must be followed by a Syntax at which the error is to be thrown. The message is the final argument and may be passed as an interpolated string or a MessageData term.

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Logs an error, tagging the message as a named error with the specified name and validating that an associated error explanation exists. The message may be passed as an interpolated string or a MessageData term. The result of getRef is used as position information.

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Logs an error, tagging the message as a named error with the specified name and validating that an associated error explanation exists. The error name must be followed by a Syntax at which the error is to be logged. The message is the final argument and may be passed as an interpolated string or a MessageData term.

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Logs a warning, tagging the message as a named diagnostic with the specified name and validating that an associated error explanation exists. The message may be passed as an interpolated string or a MessageData term. The result of getRef is used as position information.

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          Logs a warning, tagging the message as a named diagnostic with the specified name and validating that an associated error explanation exists. The error name must be followed by a Syntax at which the warning is to be logged. The message is the final argument and may be passed as an interpolated string or a MessageData term.

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