polyrith Tactic

In this file, the polyrith tactic is created. This tactic, which works over fields, attempts to prove a multivariate polynomial target over said field by using multivariable polynomial hypotheses/proof terms over the same field. Used as is, the tactic makes use of those hypotheses in the local context that are over the same field as the target. However, the user can also specifiy which hypotheses from the local context to use, along with proof terms that might not already be in the local context. Note: since this tactic uses SageMath via an API call done in Python, it can only be used with a working internet connection, and with a local installation of Python.

Implementation Notes

The tactic linear_combination is often used to prove such goals by allowing the user to specify a coefficient for each hypothesis. If the target polynomial can be written as a linear combination of the hypotheses with the chosen coefficients, then the linear_combination tactic succeeds. In other words, linear_combination is a certificate checker, and it is left to the user to find a collection of good coefficients. The polyrith tactic automates this process using the theory of Groebner bases.

Polyrith does this by first parsing the relevant hypotheses into a form that Python can understand. It then calls a Python file that uses the SageMath API to compute the coefficients. These coefficients are then sent back to Lean, which parses them into pexprs. The information is then given to the linear_combination tactic, which completes the process by checking the certificate.

polyrith calls an external python script scripts/polyrith_sage.py. Because this is not a Lean file, changes to this script may not be noticed during Lean compilation if you have already generated olean files. If you are modifying this python script, you likely know what you're doing; remember to force recompilation of any files that call polyrith.

TODO

• Give Sage more information about the specific ring being used for the coefficients. For now, we always use ℚ (or QQ in Sage).
• Handle • terms.
• Support local Sage installations.

References

• See the book [Ideals, Varieties, and Algorithms][coxlittleOshea1997] by David Cox, John Little, and Donal O'Shea for the background theory on Groebner bases
• This code was heavily inspired by the code for the tactic linarith, which was written by Robert Lewis, who advised me on this project as part of a Computer Science independent study at Brown University.

Poly Datatype

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inductive Mathlib.Tactic.Polyrith.Poly : Type

• const: ℚ → Mathlib.Tactic.Polyrith.Poly
• var: ℕ → Mathlib.Tactic.Polyrith.Poly
• hyp: Lean.Term → Mathlib.Tactic.Polyrith.Poly
• add: Mathlib.Tactic.Polyrith.Poly → Mathlib.Tactic.Polyrith.Poly → Mathlib.Tactic.Polyrith.Poly
• sub: Mathlib.Tactic.Polyrith.Poly → Mathlib.Tactic.Polyrith.Poly → Mathlib.Tactic.Polyrith.Poly
• mul: Mathlib.Tactic.Polyrith.Poly → Mathlib.Tactic.Polyrith.Poly → Mathlib.Tactic.Polyrith.Poly
• div: Mathlib.Tactic.Polyrith.Poly → Mathlib.Tactic.Polyrith.Poly → Mathlib.Tactic.Polyrith.Poly
• pow: Mathlib.Tactic.Polyrith.Poly → Mathlib.Tactic.Polyrith.Poly → Mathlib.Tactic.Polyrith.Poly
• neg: Mathlib.Tactic.Polyrith.Poly → Mathlib.Tactic.Polyrith.Poly

A datatype representing the semantics of multivariable polynomials. Each poly can be converted into a string.

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instance Mathlib.Tactic.Polyrith.instBEqPoly : BEq Mathlib.Tactic.Polyrith.Poly

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• Mathlib.Tactic.Polyrith.instBEqPoly = { beq := Mathlib.Tactic.Polyrith.beqPoly✝ }

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instance Mathlib.Tactic.Polyrith.instReprPoly : Repr Mathlib.Tactic.Polyrith.Poly

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• Mathlib.Tactic.Polyrith.instReprPoly = { reprPrec := Mathlib.Tactic.Polyrith.reprPoly✝ }

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def Mathlib.Tactic.Polyrith.Poly.format : Mathlib.Tactic.Polyrith.Poly → Lean.Format

This converts a poly object into a string representing it. The string maintains the semantic structure of the poly object.

The output of this function must be valid Python syntax, and it assumes the variables varN from scripts/polyrith.py.

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• Mathlib.Tactic.Polyrith.Poly.format (Mathlib.Tactic.Polyrith.Poly.const a) = Std.Format.text (toString a)
• Mathlib.Tactic.Polyrith.Poly.format (Mathlib.Tactic.Polyrith.Poly.var a) = Std.Format.text (toString "var" ++ toString a ++ toString "")
• Mathlib.Tactic.Polyrith.Poly.format (Mathlib.Tactic.Polyrith.Poly.hyp a) = Std.Format.text (toString "hyp" ++ toString a ++ toString "")
• Mathlib.Tactic.Polyrith.Poly.format (Mathlib.Tactic.Polyrith.Poly.neg a) = Std.Format.text (toString "-" ++ toString (Mathlib.Tactic.Polyrith.Poly.format a) ++ toString "")

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instance Mathlib.Tactic.Polyrith.instToFormatPoly : Lean.ToFormat Mathlib.Tactic.Polyrith.Poly

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• Mathlib.Tactic.Polyrith.instToFormatPoly = { format := Mathlib.Tactic.Polyrith.Poly.format }

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instance Mathlib.Tactic.Polyrith.instToStringPoly : ToString Mathlib.Tactic.Polyrith.Poly

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• Mathlib.Tactic.Polyrith.instToStringPoly = { toString := fun x => toString (Mathlib.Tactic.Polyrith.Poly.format x) }

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instance Mathlib.Tactic.Polyrith.instReprPoly_1 : Repr Mathlib.Tactic.Polyrith.Poly

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• Mathlib.Tactic.Polyrith.instReprPoly_1 = { reprPrec := fun p x => Mathlib.Tactic.Polyrith.Poly.format p }

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instance Mathlib.Tactic.Polyrith.instInhabitedPoly : Inhabited Mathlib.Tactic.Polyrith.Poly

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• Mathlib.Tactic.Polyrith.instInhabitedPoly = { default := Mathlib.Tactic.Polyrith.Poly.const 0 }

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instance Mathlib.Tactic.Polyrith.instQuoteIntMkStr1 : Lean.Quote ℤ

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instance Mathlib.Tactic.Polyrith.instQuoteRatMkStr1 : Lean.Quote ℚ

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def Mathlib.Tactic.Polyrith.Poly.toSyntax (vars : Array Lean.Term) : Mathlib.Tactic.Polyrith.Poly → Lean.Unhygienic Lean.Term

Converts a Poly expression into a Syntax suitable as an input to linear_combination.

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• Mathlib.Tactic.Polyrith.Poly.toSyntax vars (Mathlib.Tactic.Polyrith.Poly.const a) = pure (Lean.quote `term a)
• Mathlib.Tactic.Polyrith.Poly.toSyntax vars (Mathlib.Tactic.Polyrith.Poly.var a) = pure vars[a]!
• Mathlib.Tactic.Polyrith.Poly.toSyntax vars (Mathlib.Tactic.Polyrith.Poly.hyp a) = pure a

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partial def Mathlib.Tactic.Polyrith.parse {u : Lean.Level} {α : Qq.QQ (Lean.Expr.sort (Lean.Level.succ u))} (sα : Qq.QQ (Lean.Expr.app (Lean.Expr.const `CommSemiring [u]) α)) (c : Mathlib.Tactic.Ring.Cache sα) (e : Qq.QQ α) : Mathlib.Tactic.AtomM Mathlib.Tactic.Polyrith.Poly

Reifies a ring expression of type α as a Poly.

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inductive Mathlib.Tactic.Polyrith.Source : Type

• input n refers to the n'th input ai in polyrith [a1, ..., an].

  input: ℕ → Mathlib.Tactic.Polyrith.Source

• fvar h refers to hypothesis h from the local context.

  fvar: Lean.FVarId → Mathlib.Tactic.Polyrith.Source

The possible hypothesis sources for a polyrith proof.

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def Mathlib.Tactic.Polyrith.parseContext (only : Bool) (hyps : Array Lean.Expr) (tgt : Lean.Expr) : Mathlib.Tactic.AtomM (Lean.Expr × Array (Mathlib.Tactic.Polyrith.Source × Mathlib.Tactic.Polyrith.Poly) × Mathlib.Tactic.Polyrith.Poly)

The first half of polyrith produces a list of arguments to be sent to Sage.

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def Mathlib.Tactic.Polyrith.parseContext.processHyp (u : Lean.Level) (α : Qq.QQ (Lean.Expr.sort (Lean.Level.succ u))) (sα : Qq.QQ (Qq.QQ.qq (Lean.Expr.app (Lean.Expr.const `CommSemiring [u]) α))) (c : Mathlib.Tactic.Ring.Cache sα) (src : Mathlib.Tactic.Polyrith.Source) (ty : Lean.Expr) (out : Array (Mathlib.Tactic.Polyrith.Source × Mathlib.Tactic.Polyrith.Poly)) : Mathlib.Tactic.AtomM (Array (Mathlib.Tactic.Polyrith.Source × Mathlib.Tactic.Polyrith.Poly))

Parses a hypothesis and adds it to the out list.

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def Mathlib.Tactic.Polyrith.createSageArgs (trace : Bool) (α : Lean.Expr) (atoms : ℕ) (hyps : Array (Mathlib.Tactic.Polyrith.Source × Mathlib.Tactic.Polyrith.Poly)) (tgt : Mathlib.Tactic.Polyrith.Poly) : Array String

Constructs the list of arguments to pass to the external sage script polyrith_sage.py.

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def Mathlib.Tactic.Polyrith.instFromJsonRat : Lean.FromJson ℚ

A JSON parser for ℚ specific to the return value of polyrith_sage.py.

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def Mathlib.Tactic.Polyrith.Poly.unNeg? : Mathlib.Tactic.Polyrith.Poly → Option Mathlib.Tactic.Polyrith.Poly

Removes an initial - sign from a polynomial with negative leading coefficient.

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• Mathlib.Tactic.Polyrith.Poly.unNeg? (Mathlib.Tactic.Polyrith.Poly.mul a b) = do let __do_lift ← Mathlib.Tactic.Polyrith.Poly.unNeg? a pure (Mathlib.Tactic.Polyrith.Poly.mul __do_lift b)
• Mathlib.Tactic.Polyrith.Poly.unNeg? (Mathlib.Tactic.Polyrith.Poly.const i) = if i < 0 then some (Mathlib.Tactic.Polyrith.Poly.const (-i)) else none
• Mathlib.Tactic.Polyrith.Poly.unNeg? (Mathlib.Tactic.Polyrith.Poly.neg p) = some p
• Mathlib.Tactic.Polyrith.Poly.unNeg? x = none

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def Mathlib.Tactic.Polyrith.Poly.add' : Mathlib.Tactic.Polyrith.Poly → Mathlib.Tactic.Polyrith.Poly → Mathlib.Tactic.Polyrith.Poly

Adds two polynomials, performing some simple simplifications for presentation like a + -b = a - b.

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def Mathlib.Tactic.Polyrith.Poly.mul' : Mathlib.Tactic.Polyrith.Poly → Mathlib.Tactic.Polyrith.Poly → Mathlib.Tactic.Polyrith.Poly

Multiplies two polynomials, performing some simple simplifications for presentation like 1 * a = a.

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def Mathlib.Tactic.Polyrith.Poly.unDiv? : Mathlib.Tactic.Polyrith.Poly → Option (Mathlib.Tactic.Polyrith.Poly × ℕ)

Extracts the divisor c : ℕ from a polynomial of the form 1/c * b.

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• Mathlib.Tactic.Polyrith.Poly.unDiv? (Mathlib.Tactic.Polyrith.Poly.const i) = if i.num = 1 ∧ i.den ≠ 1 then some (Mathlib.Tactic.Polyrith.Poly.const ↑i.num, i.den) else none
• Mathlib.Tactic.Polyrith.Poly.unDiv? x = none

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def Mathlib.Tactic.Polyrith.Poly.pow' : ℕ → ℕ → Mathlib.Tactic.Polyrith.Poly

Constructs a power expression v_i ^ j, performing some simplifications in trivial cases.

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def Mathlib.Tactic.Polyrith.Poly.sumM {m : Type → Type u_1} {α : Type u_2} [inst : Monad m] (a : Array α) (f : α → m Mathlib.Tactic.Polyrith.Poly) : m Mathlib.Tactic.Polyrith.Poly

Constructs a sum from a monadic function supplying the monomials.

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instance Mathlib.Tactic.Polyrith.instFromJsonPoly : Lean.FromJson Mathlib.Tactic.Polyrith.Poly

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structure Mathlib.Tactic.Polyrith.SageSuccess : Type

• The script returns a string containing python script to be sent to the remote server, when the tracing option is set.

  trace : Option String

• The main result of the function call is an array of polynomials parallel to the input list of hypotheses.

  data : Option (Array Mathlib.Tactic.Polyrith.Poly)

The result of a sage call in the success case.

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instance Mathlib.Tactic.Polyrith.instFromJsonSageSuccess : Lean.FromJson Mathlib.Tactic.Polyrith.SageSuccess

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• Mathlib.Tactic.Polyrith.instFromJsonSageSuccess = { fromJson? := Mathlib.Tactic.Polyrith.fromJsonSageSuccess✝ }

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instance Mathlib.Tactic.Polyrith.instReprSageSuccess : Repr Mathlib.Tactic.Polyrith.SageSuccess

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• Mathlib.Tactic.Polyrith.instReprSageSuccess = { reprPrec := Mathlib.Tactic.Polyrith.reprSageSuccess✝ }

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structure Mathlib.Tactic.Polyrith.SageError : Type

• The error kind

  name : String

• The error message

  value : String

The result of a sage call in the failure case.

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instance Mathlib.Tactic.Polyrith.instFromJsonSageError : Lean.FromJson Mathlib.Tactic.Polyrith.SageError

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• Mathlib.Tactic.Polyrith.instFromJsonSageError = { fromJson? := Mathlib.Tactic.Polyrith.fromJsonSageError✝ }

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def Mathlib.Tactic.Polyrith.SageResult : Type

The result of a sage call.

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• Mathlib.Tactic.Polyrith.SageResult = Except Mathlib.Tactic.Polyrith.SageError Mathlib.Tactic.Polyrith.SageSuccess

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instance Mathlib.Tactic.Polyrith.instFromJsonSageResult : Lean.FromJson Mathlib.Tactic.Polyrith.SageResult

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def Mathlib.Tactic.Polyrith.sageOutput (args : Array String) : IO Mathlib.Tactic.Polyrith.SageResult

This tactic calls python from the command line with the args in arg_list. The output printed to the console is parsed as a Json. It assumes that python3 is available on the path.

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def Mathlib.Tactic.Polyrith.polyrith (g : Lean.MVarId) (only : Bool) (hyps : Array Lean.Expr) (traceOnly : optParam Bool false) : Lean.MetaM (Option Lean.MVarId × Lean.Syntax)

This is the main body of the polyrith tactic. It takes in the following inputs:

• only : Bool - This represents whether the user used the key word "only"
• hyps : Array Expr - the hypotheses/proof terms selecteed by the user
• traceOnly : Bool - If enabled, the returned syntax will be .missing

First, the tactic converts the target into a Poly, and finds out what type it is an equality of. (It also fills up a list of Exprs with its atoms). Then, it collects all the relevant hypotheses/proof terms from the context, and from those selected by the user, taking into account whether only is true. (The list of atoms is updated accordingly as well).

This information is used to create a list of args that get used in a call to the appropriate python file that executes a grobner basis computation. The output of this computation is a String representing the certificate. This string is parsed into a list of Poly objects that are then converted into Exprs (using the updated list of atoms).

the names of the hypotheses, along with the corresponding coefficients are given to linear_combination. If that tactic succeeds, the user is prompted to replace the call to polyrith with the appropriate call to linear_combination.

This returns none if this was a "dry run" attempt that does not actually invoke sage.

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def Mathlib.Tactic.Polyrith.polyrith.byRing (g : Lean.MVarId) (msg : String) : Mathlib.Tactic.AtomM (Option Lean.MVarId × Lean.Syntax)

Try to prove the goal by ring and fail with the given message otherwise.

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def Mathlib.Tactic.Polyrith.«tacticPolyrithOnly[_]» : Lean.ParserDescr

Attempts to prove polynomial equality goals through polynomial arithmetic on the hypotheses (and additional proof terms if the user specifies them). It proves the goal by generating an appropriate call to the tactic linear_combination. If this call succeeds, the call to linear_combination is suggested to the user.

• polyrith will use all relevant hypotheses in the local context.
• polyrith [t1, t2, t3] will add proof terms t1, t2, t3 to the local context.
• polyrith only [h1, h2, h3, t1, t2, t3] will use only local hypotheses h1, h2, h3, and proofs t1, t2, t3. It will ignore the rest of the local context.

Notes:

• This tactic only works with a working internet connection, since it calls Sage using the SageCell web API at https://sagecell.sagemath.org/. Many thanks to the Sage team and organization for allowing this use.
• This tactic assumes that the user has python3 installed and available on the path. (Test by opening a terminal and executing python3 --version.) It also assumes that the requests library is installed: python3 -m pip install requests.

Examples:

example (x y : ℚ) (h1 : x*y + 2*x = 1) (h2 : x = y) :
  x*y = -2*y + 1 :=
by polyrith
-- Try this: linear_combination h1 - 2 * h2

example (x y z w : ℚ) (hzw : z = w) : x*z + 2*y*z = x*w + 2*y*w :=
by polyrith
-- Try this: linear_combination (2 * y + x) * hzw

constant scary : ∀ a b : ℚ, a + b = 0

example (a b c d : ℚ) (h : a + b = 0) (h2: b + c = 0) : a + b + c + d = 0 :=
by polyrith only [scary c d, h]
-- Try this: linear_combination scary c d + h

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