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geometry.euclidean.basic

Euclidean spaces #

THIS FILE IS SYNCHRONIZED WITH MATHLIB4. Any changes to this file require a corresponding PR to mathlib4.

This file makes some definitions and proves very basic geometrical results about real inner product spaces and Euclidean affine spaces. Results about real inner product spaces that involve the norm and inner product but not angles generally go in analysis.normed_space.inner_product. Results with longer proofs or more geometrical content generally go in separate files.

Main definitions #

euclidean_geometry.orthogonal_projection is the orthogonal projection of a point onto an affine subspace.
euclidean_geometry.reflection is the reflection of a point in an affine subspace.

Implementation notes #

To declare P as the type of points in a Euclidean affine space with V as the type of vectors, use [normed_add_comm_group V] [inner_product_space ℝ V] [metric_space P] [normed_add_torsor V P]. This works better with out_param to make V implicit in most cases than having a separate type alias for Euclidean affine spaces.

Rather than requiring Euclidean affine spaces to be finite-dimensional (as in the definition on Wikipedia), this is specified only for those theorems that need it.

References #

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euclidean_space

Geometrical results on Euclidean affine spaces #

This section develops some geometrical definitions and results on Euclidean affine spaces.

theorem euclidean_geometry.dist_left_midpoint_eq_dist_right_midpoint {V : Type u_1} {P : Type u_2} [normed_add_comm_group V] [inner_product_space ℝ V] [metric_space P] [normed_add_torsor V P] (p1 p2 : P) :

has_dist.dist p1 (midpoint ℝ p1 p2) = has_dist.dist p2 (midpoint ℝ p1 p2)

The midpoint of the segment AB is the same distance from A as it is from B.

theorem euclidean_geometry.inner_weighted_vsub {V : Type u_1} {P : Type u_2} [normed_add_comm_group V] [inner_product_space ℝ V] [metric_space P] [normed_add_torsor V P] {ι₁ : Type u_3} {s₁ : finset ι₁} {w₁ : ι₁ → ℝ} (p₁ : ι₁ → P) (h₁ : s₁.sum (λ (i : ι₁), w₁ i) = 0) {ι₂ : Type u_4} {s₂ : finset ι₂} {w₂ : ι₂ → ℝ} (p₂ : ι₂ → P) (h₂ : s₂.sum (λ (i : ι₂), w₂ i) = 0) :

has_inner.inner (⇑(s₁.weighted_vsub p₁) w₁) (⇑(s₂.weighted_vsub p₂) w₂) = -s₁.sum (λ (i₁ : ι₁), s₂.sum (λ (i₂ : ι₂), w₁ i₁ * w₂ i₂ * (has_dist.dist (p₁ i₁) (p₂ i₂) * has_dist.dist (p₁ i₁) (p₂ i₂)))) / 2

The inner product of two vectors given with weighted_vsub, in terms of the pairwise distances.

theorem euclidean_geometry.dist_affine_combination {V : Type u_1} {P : Type u_2} [normed_add_comm_group V] [inner_product_space ℝ V] [metric_space P] [normed_add_torsor V P] {ι : Type u_3} {s : finset ι} {w₁ w₂ : ι → ℝ} (p : ι → P) (h₁ : s.sum (λ (i : ι), w₁ i) = 1) (h₂ : s.sum (λ (i : ι), w₂ i) = 1) :

has_dist.dist (⇑(finset.affine_combination ℝ s p) w₁) (⇑(finset.affine_combination ℝ s p) w₂) * has_dist.dist (⇑(finset.affine_combination ℝ s p) w₁) (⇑(finset.affine_combination ℝ s p) w₂) = -s.sum (λ (i₁ : ι), s.sum (λ (i₂ : ι), (w₁ - w₂) i₁ * (w₁ - w₂) i₂ * (has_dist.dist (p i₁) (p i₂) * has_dist.dist (p i₁) (p i₂)))) / 2

The distance between two points given with affine_combination, in terms of the pairwise distances between the points in that combination.

theorem euclidean_geometry.inner_vsub_vsub_of_dist_eq_of_dist_eq {V : Type u_1} {P : Type u_2} [normed_add_comm_group V] [inner_product_space ℝ V] [metric_space P] [normed_add_torsor V P] {c₁ c₂ p₁ p₂ : P} (hc₁ : has_dist.dist p₁ c₁ = has_dist.dist p₂ c₁) (hc₂ : has_dist.dist p₁ c₂ = has_dist.dist p₂ c₂) :

has_inner.inner (c₂ -ᵥ c₁) (p₂ -ᵥ p₁) = 0

Suppose that c₁ is equidistant from p₁ and p₂, and the same applies to c₂. Then the vector between c₁ and c₂ is orthogonal to that between p₁ and p₂. (In two dimensions, this says that the diagonals of a kite are orthogonal.)

theorem euclidean_geometry.dist_smul_vadd_sq {V : Type u_1} {P : Type u_2} [normed_add_comm_group V] [inner_product_space ℝ V] [metric_space P] [normed_add_torsor V P] (r : ℝ) (v : V) (p₁ p₂ : P) :

has_dist.dist (r • v +ᵥ p₁) p₂ * has_dist.dist (r • v +ᵥ p₁) p₂ = has_inner.inner v v * r * r + 2 * has_inner.inner v (p₁ -ᵥ p₂) * r + has_inner.inner (p₁ -ᵥ p₂) (p₁ -ᵥ p₂)

The squared distance between points on a line (expressed as a multiple of a fixed vector added to a point) and another point, expressed as a quadratic.

theorem euclidean_geometry.dist_smul_vadd_eq_dist {V : Type u_1} {P : Type u_2} [normed_add_comm_group V] [inner_product_space ℝ V] [metric_space P] [normed_add_torsor V P] {v : V} (p₁ p₂ : P) (hv : v ≠ 0) (r : ℝ) :

has_dist.dist (r • v +ᵥ p₁) p₂ = has_dist.dist p₁ p₂ ↔ r = 0 ∨ r = (-2) * has_inner.inner v (p₁ -ᵥ p₂) / has_inner.inner v v

The condition for two points on a line to be equidistant from another point.

theorem euclidean_geometry.eq_of_dist_eq_of_dist_eq_of_mem_of_finrank_eq_two {V : Type u_1} {P : Type u_2} [normed_add_comm_group V] [inner_product_space ℝ V] [metric_space P] [normed_add_torsor V P] {s : affine_subspace ℝ P} [finite_dimensional ℝ ↥(s.direction)] (hd : fdim ↥(s.direction) = 2) {c₁ c₂ p₁ p₂ p : P} (hc₁s : c₁ ∈ s) (hc₂s : c₂ ∈ s) (hp₁s : p₁ ∈ s) (hp₂s : p₂ ∈ s) (hps : p ∈ s) {r₁ r₂ : ℝ} (hc : c₁ ≠ c₂) (hp : p₁ ≠ p₂) (hp₁c₁ : has_dist.dist p₁ c₁ = r₁) (hp₂c₁ : has_dist.dist p₂ c₁ = r₁) (hpc₁ : has_dist.dist p c₁ = r₁) (hp₁c₂ : has_dist.dist p₁ c₂ = r₂) (hp₂c₂ : has_dist.dist p₂ c₂ = r₂) (hpc₂ : has_dist.dist p c₂ = r₂) :

p = p₁ ∨ p = p₂

Distances r₁ r₂ of p from two different points c₁ c₂ determine at most two points p₁ p₂ in a two-dimensional subspace containing those points (two circles intersect in at most two points).

theorem euclidean_geometry.eq_of_dist_eq_of_dist_eq_of_finrank_eq_two {V : Type u_1} {P : Type u_2} [normed_add_comm_group V] [inner_product_space ℝ V] [metric_space P] [normed_add_torsor V P] [finite_dimensional ℝ V] (hd : fdim V = 2) {c₁ c₂ p₁ p₂ p : P} {r₁ r₂ : ℝ} (hc : c₁ ≠ c₂) (hp : p₁ ≠ p₂) (hp₁c₁ : has_dist.dist p₁ c₁ = r₁) (hp₂c₁ : has_dist.dist p₂ c₁ = r₁) (hpc₁ : has_dist.dist p c₁ = r₁) (hp₁c₂ : has_dist.dist p₁ c₂ = r₂) (hp₂c₂ : has_dist.dist p₂ c₂ = r₂) (hpc₂ : has_dist.dist p c₂ = r₂) :

p = p₁ ∨ p = p₂

Distances r₁ r₂ of p from two different points c₁ c₂ determine at most two points p₁ p₂ in two-dimensional space (two circles intersect in at most two points).

noncomputable def euclidean_geometry.orthogonal_projection_fn {V : Type u_1} {P : Type u_2} [normed_add_comm_group V] [inner_product_space ℝ V] [metric_space P] [normed_add_torsor V P] (s : affine_subspace ℝ P) [nonempty ↥s] [complete_space ↥(s.direction)] (p : P) :

P

The orthogonal projection of a point onto a nonempty affine subspace, whose direction is complete, as an unbundled function. This definition is only intended for use in setting up the bundled version orthogonal_projection and should not be used once that is defined.

Equations

euclidean_geometry.orthogonal_projection_fn s p = classical.some _

theorem euclidean_geometry.inter_eq_singleton_orthogonal_projection_fn {V : Type u_1} {P : Type u_2} [normed_add_comm_group V] [inner_product_space ℝ V] [metric_space P] [normed_add_torsor V P] {s : affine_subspace ℝ P} [nonempty ↥s] [complete_space ↥(s.direction)] (p : P) :

↑s ∩ ↑(affine_subspace.mk' p (s.direction)ᗮ) = {euclidean_geometry.orthogonal_projection_fn s p}

The intersection of the subspace and the orthogonal subspace through the given point is the orthogonal_projection_fn of that point onto the subspace. This lemma is only intended for use in setting up the bundled version and should not be used once that is defined.

theorem euclidean_geometry.orthogonal_projection_fn_mem {V : Type u_1} {P : Type u_2} [normed_add_comm_group V] [inner_product_space ℝ V] [metric_space P] [normed_add_torsor V P] {s : affine_subspace ℝ P} [nonempty ↥s] [complete_space ↥(s.direction)] (p : P) :

euclidean_geometry.orthogonal_projection_fn s p ∈ s

The orthogonal_projection_fn lies in the given subspace. This lemma is only intended for use in setting up the bundled version and should not be used once that is defined.

theorem euclidean_geometry.orthogonal_projection_fn_mem_orthogonal {V : Type u_1} {P : Type u_2} [normed_add_comm_group V] [inner_product_space ℝ V] [metric_space P] [normed_add_torsor V P] {s : affine_subspace ℝ P} [nonempty ↥s] [complete_space ↥(s.direction)] (p : P) :

euclidean_geometry.orthogonal_projection_fn s p ∈ affine_subspace.mk' p (s.direction)ᗮ

The orthogonal_projection_fn lies in the orthogonal subspace. This lemma is only intended for use in setting up the bundled version and should not be used once that is defined.

theorem euclidean_geometry.orthogonal_projection_fn_vsub_mem_direction_orthogonal {V : Type u_1} {P : Type u_2} [normed_add_comm_group V] [inner_product_space ℝ V] [metric_space P] [normed_add_torsor V P] {s : affine_subspace ℝ P} [nonempty ↥s] [complete_space ↥(s.direction)] (p : P) :

euclidean_geometry.orthogonal_projection_fn s p -ᵥ p ∈ (s.direction)ᗮ

Subtracting p from its orthogonal_projection_fn produces a result in the orthogonal direction. This lemma is only intended for use in setting up the bundled version and should not be used once that is defined.

noncomputable def euclidean_geometry.orthogonal_projection {V : Type u_1} {P : Type u_2} [normed_add_comm_group V] [inner_product_space ℝ V] [metric_space P] [normed_add_torsor V P] (s : affine_subspace ℝ P) [nonempty ↥s] [complete_space ↥(s.direction)] :

P →ᵃ[ℝ ] ↥s

The orthogonal projection of a point onto a nonempty affine subspace, whose direction is complete. The corresponding linear map (mapping a vector to the difference between the projections of two points whose difference is that vector) is the orthogonal_projection for real inner product spaces, onto the direction of the affine subspace being projected onto.

Equations

euclidean_geometry.orthogonal_projection s = {to_fun := λ (p : P), ⟨euclidean_geometry.orthogonal_projection_fn s p, _⟩, linear := ↑(orthogonal_projection s.direction), map_vadd' := _}

@[simp]

theorem euclidean_geometry.orthogonal_projection_fn_eq {V : Type u_1} {P : Type u_2} [normed_add_comm_group V] [inner_product_space ℝ V] [metric_space P] [normed_add_torsor V P] {s : affine_subspace ℝ P} [nonempty ↥s] [complete_space ↥(s.direction)] (p : P) :

euclidean_geometry.orthogonal_projection_fn s p = ↑(⇑(euclidean_geometry.orthogonal_projection s) p)

@[simp]

theorem euclidean_geometry.orthogonal_projection_linear {V : Type u_1} {P : Type u_2} [normed_add_comm_group V] [inner_product_space ℝ V] [metric_space P] [normed_add_torsor V P] {s : affine_subspace ℝ P} [nonempty ↥s] [complete_space ↥(s.direction)] :

(euclidean_geometry.orthogonal_projection s).linear = ↑(orthogonal_projection s.direction)

The linear map corresponding to orthogonal_projection.

theorem euclidean_geometry.inter_eq_singleton_orthogonal_projection {V : Type u_1} {P : Type u_2} [normed_add_comm_group V] [inner_product_space ℝ V] [metric_space P] [normed_add_torsor V P] {s : affine_subspace ℝ P} [nonempty ↥s] [complete_space ↥(s.direction)] (p : P) :

↑s ∩ ↑(affine_subspace.mk' p (s.direction)ᗮ) = {↑(⇑(euclidean_geometry.orthogonal_projection s) p)}

The intersection of the subspace and the orthogonal subspace through the given point is the orthogonal_projection of that point onto the subspace.

theorem euclidean_geometry.orthogonal_projection_mem {V : Type u_1} {P : Type u_2} [normed_add_comm_group V] [inner_product_space ℝ V] [metric_space P] [normed_add_torsor V P] {s : affine_subspace ℝ P} [nonempty ↥s] [complete_space ↥(s.direction)] (p : P) :

↑(⇑(euclidean_geometry.orthogonal_projection s) p) ∈ s

The orthogonal_projection lies in the given subspace.

theorem euclidean_geometry.orthogonal_projection_mem_orthogonal {V : Type u_1} {P : Type u_2} [normed_add_comm_group V] [inner_product_space ℝ V] [metric_space P] [normed_add_torsor V P] (s : affine_subspace ℝ P) [nonempty ↥s] [complete_space ↥(s.direction)] (p : P) :

↑(⇑(euclidean_geometry.orthogonal_projection s) p) ∈ affine_subspace.mk' p (s.direction)ᗮ

The orthogonal_projection lies in the orthogonal subspace.

theorem euclidean_geometry.orthogonal_projection_vsub_mem_direction {V : Type u_1} {P : Type u_2} [normed_add_comm_group V] [inner_product_space ℝ V] [metric_space P] [normed_add_torsor V P] {s : affine_subspace ℝ P} [nonempty ↥s] [complete_space ↥(s.direction)] {p1 : P} (p2 : P) (hp1 : p1 ∈ s) :

↑(⇑(euclidean_geometry.orthogonal_projection s) p2 -ᵥ ⟨p1, hp1⟩) ∈ s.direction

Subtracting a point in the given subspace from the orthogonal_projection produces a result in the direction of the given subspace.

theorem euclidean_geometry.vsub_orthogonal_projection_mem_direction {V : Type u_1} {P : Type u_2} [normed_add_comm_group V] [inner_product_space ℝ V] [metric_space P] [normed_add_torsor V P] {s : affine_subspace ℝ P} [nonempty ↥s] [complete_space ↥(s.direction)] {p1 : P} (p2 : P) (hp1 : p1 ∈ s) :

↑(⟨p1, hp1⟩ -ᵥ ⇑(euclidean_geometry.orthogonal_projection s) p2) ∈ s.direction

Subtracting the orthogonal_projection from a point in the given subspace produces a result in the direction of the given subspace.

theorem euclidean_geometry.orthogonal_projection_eq_self_iff {V : Type u_1} {P : Type u_2} [normed_add_comm_group V] [inner_product_space ℝ V] [metric_space P] [normed_add_torsor V P] {s : affine_subspace ℝ P} [nonempty ↥s] [complete_space ↥(s.direction)] {p : P} :

↑(⇑(euclidean_geometry.orthogonal_projection s) p) = p ↔ p ∈ s

A point equals its orthogonal projection if and only if it lies in the subspace.

@[simp]

theorem euclidean_geometry.orthogonal_projection_mem_subspace_eq_self {V : Type u_1} {P : Type u_2} [normed_add_comm_group V] [inner_product_space ℝ V] [metric_space P] [normed_add_torsor V P] {s : affine_subspace ℝ P} [nonempty ↥s] [complete_space ↥(s.direction)] (p : ↥s) :

⇑(euclidean_geometry.orthogonal_projection s) ↑p = p

@[simp]

theorem euclidean_geometry.orthogonal_projection_orthogonal_projection {V : Type u_1} {P : Type u_2} [normed_add_comm_group V] [inner_product_space ℝ V] [metric_space P] [normed_add_torsor V P] (s : affine_subspace ℝ P) [nonempty ↥s] [complete_space ↥(s.direction)] (p : P) :

⇑(euclidean_geometry.orthogonal_projection s) ↑(⇑(euclidean_geometry.orthogonal_projection s) p) = ⇑(euclidean_geometry.orthogonal_projection s) p

Orthogonal projection is idempotent.

theorem euclidean_geometry.eq_orthogonal_projection_of_eq_subspace {V : Type u_1} {P : Type u_2} [normed_add_comm_group V] [inner_product_space ℝ V] [metric_space P] [normed_add_torsor V P] {s s' : affine_subspace ℝ P} [nonempty ↥s] [nonempty ↥s'] [complete_space ↥(s.direction)] [complete_space ↥(s'.direction)] (h : s = s') (p : P) :

↑(⇑(euclidean_geometry.orthogonal_projection s) p) = ↑(⇑(euclidean_geometry.orthogonal_projection s') p)

theorem euclidean_geometry.dist_orthogonal_projection_eq_zero_iff {V : Type u_1} {P : Type u_2} [normed_add_comm_group V] [inner_product_space ℝ V] [metric_space P] [normed_add_torsor V P] {s : affine_subspace ℝ P} [nonempty ↥s] [complete_space ↥(s.direction)] {p : P} :

has_dist.dist p ↑(⇑(euclidean_geometry.orthogonal_projection s) p) = 0 ↔ p ∈ s

The distance to a point's orthogonal projection is 0 iff it lies in the subspace.

theorem euclidean_geometry.dist_orthogonal_projection_ne_zero_of_not_mem {V : Type u_1} {P : Type u_2} [normed_add_comm_group V] [inner_product_space ℝ V] [metric_space P] [normed_add_torsor V P] {s : affine_subspace ℝ P} [nonempty ↥s] [complete_space ↥(s.direction)] {p : P} (hp : p ∉ s) :

has_dist.dist p ↑(⇑(euclidean_geometry.orthogonal_projection s) p) ≠ 0

The distance between a point and its orthogonal projection is nonzero if it does not lie in the subspace.

theorem euclidean_geometry.orthogonal_projection_vsub_mem_direction_orthogonal {V : Type u_1} {P : Type u_2} [normed_add_comm_group V] [inner_product_space ℝ V] [metric_space P] [normed_add_torsor V P] (s : affine_subspace ℝ P) [nonempty ↥s] [complete_space ↥(s.direction)] (p : P) :

↑(⇑(euclidean_geometry.orthogonal_projection s) p) -ᵥ p ∈ (s.direction)ᗮ

Subtracting p from its orthogonal_projection produces a result in the orthogonal direction.

theorem euclidean_geometry.vsub_orthogonal_projection_mem_direction_orthogonal {V : Type u_1} {P : Type u_2} [normed_add_comm_group V] [inner_product_space ℝ V] [metric_space P] [normed_add_torsor V P] (s : affine_subspace ℝ P) [nonempty ↥s] [complete_space ↥(s.direction)] (p : P) :

p -ᵥ ↑(⇑(euclidean_geometry.orthogonal_projection s) p) ∈ (s.direction)ᗮ

Subtracting the orthogonal_projection from p produces a result in the orthogonal direction.

theorem euclidean_geometry.orthogonal_projection_vsub_orthogonal_projection {V : Type u_1} {P : Type u_2} [normed_add_comm_group V] [inner_product_space ℝ V] [metric_space P] [normed_add_torsor V P] (s : affine_subspace ℝ P) [nonempty ↥s] [complete_space ↥(s.direction)] (p : P) :

⇑(orthogonal_projection s.direction) (p -ᵥ ↑(⇑(euclidean_geometry.orthogonal_projection s) p)) = 0

Subtracting the orthogonal_projection from p produces a result in the kernel of the linear part of the orthogonal projection.

theorem euclidean_geometry.orthogonal_projection_vadd_eq_self {V : Type u_1} {P : Type u_2} [normed_add_comm_group V] [inner_product_space ℝ V] [metric_space P] [normed_add_torsor V P] {s : affine_subspace ℝ P} [nonempty ↥s] [complete_space ↥(s.direction)] {p : P} (hp : p ∈ s) {v : V} (hv : v ∈ (s.direction)ᗮ) :

⇑(euclidean_geometry.orthogonal_projection s) (v +ᵥ p) = ⟨p, hp⟩

Adding a vector to a point in the given subspace, then taking the orthogonal projection, produces the original point if the vector was in the orthogonal direction.

theorem euclidean_geometry.orthogonal_projection_vadd_smul_vsub_orthogonal_projection {V : Type u_1} {P : Type u_2} [normed_add_comm_group V] [inner_product_space ℝ V] [metric_space P] [normed_add_torsor V P] {s : affine_subspace ℝ P} [nonempty ↥s] [complete_space ↥(s.direction)] {p1 : P} (p2 : P) (r : ℝ) (hp : p1 ∈ s) :

⇑(euclidean_geometry.orthogonal_projection s) (r • (p2 -ᵥ ↑(⇑(euclidean_geometry.orthogonal_projection s) p2)) +ᵥ p1) = ⟨p1, hp⟩

Adding a vector to a point in the given subspace, then taking the orthogonal projection, produces the original point if the vector is a multiple of the result of subtracting a point's orthogonal projection from that point.

theorem euclidean_geometry.dist_sq_eq_dist_orthogonal_projection_sq_add_dist_orthogonal_projection_sq {V : Type u_1} {P : Type u_2} [normed_add_comm_group V] [inner_product_space ℝ V] [metric_space P] [normed_add_torsor V P] {s : affine_subspace ℝ P} [nonempty ↥s] [complete_space ↥(s.direction)] {p1 : P} (p2 : P) (hp1 : p1 ∈ s) :

has_dist.dist p1 p2 * has_dist.dist p1 p2 = has_dist.dist p1 ↑(⇑(euclidean_geometry.orthogonal_projection s) p2) * has_dist.dist p1 ↑(⇑(euclidean_geometry.orthogonal_projection s) p2) + has_dist.dist p2 ↑(⇑(euclidean_geometry.orthogonal_projection s) p2) * has_dist.dist p2 ↑(⇑(euclidean_geometry.orthogonal_projection s) p2)

The square of the distance from a point in s to p2 equals the sum of the squares of the distances of the two points to the orthogonal_projection.

theorem euclidean_geometry.dist_sq_smul_orthogonal_vadd_smul_orthogonal_vadd {V : Type u_1} {P : Type u_2} [normed_add_comm_group V] [inner_product_space ℝ V] [metric_space P] [normed_add_torsor V P] {s : affine_subspace ℝ P} {p1 p2 : P} (hp1 : p1 ∈ s) (hp2 : p2 ∈ s) (r1 r2 : ℝ) {v : V} (hv : v ∈ (s.direction)ᗮ) :

has_dist.dist (r1 • v +ᵥ p1) (r2 • v +ᵥ p2) * has_dist.dist (r1 • v +ᵥ p1) (r2 • v +ᵥ p2) = has_dist.dist p1 p2 * has_dist.dist p1 p2 + (r1 - r2) * (r1 - r2) * (‖v‖ * ‖v‖)

The square of the distance between two points constructed by adding multiples of the same orthogonal vector to points in the same subspace.

noncomputable def euclidean_geometry.reflection {V : Type u_1} {P : Type u_2} [normed_add_comm_group V] [inner_product_space ℝ V] [metric_space P] [normed_add_torsor V P] (s : affine_subspace ℝ P) [nonempty ↥s] [complete_space ↥(s.direction)] :

P ≃ᵃⁱ[ℝ ] P

Reflection in an affine subspace, which is expected to be nonempty and complete. The word "reflection" is sometimes understood to mean specifically reflection in a codimension-one subspace, and sometimes more generally to cover operations such as reflection in a point. The definition here, of reflection in an affine subspace, is a more general sense of the word that includes both those common cases.

Equations

euclidean_geometry.reflection s = affine_isometry_equiv.mk' (λ (p : P), ↑(⇑(euclidean_geometry.orthogonal_projection s) p) -ᵥ p +ᵥ ↑(⇑(euclidean_geometry.orthogonal_projection s) p)) (reflection s.direction) ↑(classical.arbitrary ↥s) _

theorem euclidean_geometry.reflection_apply {V : Type u_1} {P : Type u_2} [normed_add_comm_group V] [inner_product_space ℝ V] [metric_space P] [normed_add_torsor V P] (s : affine_subspace ℝ P) [nonempty ↥s] [complete_space ↥(s.direction)] (p : P) :

⇑(euclidean_geometry.reflection s) p = ↑(⇑(euclidean_geometry.orthogonal_projection s) p) -ᵥ p +ᵥ ↑(⇑(euclidean_geometry.orthogonal_projection s) p)

The result of reflecting.

theorem euclidean_geometry.eq_reflection_of_eq_subspace {V : Type u_1} {P : Type u_2} [normed_add_comm_group V] [inner_product_space ℝ V] [metric_space P] [normed_add_torsor V P] {s s' : affine_subspace ℝ P} [nonempty ↥s] [nonempty ↥s'] [complete_space ↥(s.direction)] [complete_space ↥(s'.direction)] (h : s = s') (p : P) :

⇑(euclidean_geometry.reflection s) p = ⇑(euclidean_geometry.reflection s') p

@[simp]

theorem euclidean_geometry.reflection_reflection {V : Type u_1} {P : Type u_2} [normed_add_comm_group V] [inner_product_space ℝ V] [metric_space P] [normed_add_torsor V P] (s : affine_subspace ℝ P) [nonempty ↥s] [complete_space ↥(s.direction)] (p : P) :

⇑(euclidean_geometry.reflection s) (⇑(euclidean_geometry.reflection s) p) = p

Reflecting twice in the same subspace.

@[simp]

theorem euclidean_geometry.reflection_symm {V : Type u_1} {P : Type u_2} [normed_add_comm_group V] [inner_product_space ℝ V] [metric_space P] [normed_add_torsor V P] (s : affine_subspace ℝ P) [nonempty ↥s] [complete_space ↥(s.direction)] :

(euclidean_geometry.reflection s).symm = euclidean_geometry.reflection s

Reflection is its own inverse.

theorem euclidean_geometry.reflection_involutive {V : Type u_1} {P : Type u_2} [normed_add_comm_group V] [inner_product_space ℝ V] [metric_space P] [normed_add_torsor V P] (s : affine_subspace ℝ P) [nonempty ↥s] [complete_space ↥(s.direction)] :

function.involutive ⇑(euclidean_geometry.reflection s)

Reflection is involutive.

theorem euclidean_geometry.reflection_eq_self_iff {V : Type u_1} {P : Type u_2} [normed_add_comm_group V] [inner_product_space ℝ V] [metric_space P] [normed_add_torsor V P] {s : affine_subspace ℝ P} [nonempty ↥s] [complete_space ↥(s.direction)] (p : P) :

⇑(euclidean_geometry.reflection s) p = p ↔ p ∈ s

A point is its own reflection if and only if it is in the subspace.

theorem euclidean_geometry.reflection_eq_iff_orthogonal_projection_eq {V : Type u_1} {P : Type u_2} [normed_add_comm_group V] [inner_product_space ℝ V] [metric_space P] [normed_add_torsor V P] (s₁ s₂ : affine_subspace ℝ P) [nonempty ↥s₁] [nonempty ↥s₂] [complete_space ↥(s₁.direction)] [complete_space ↥(s₂.direction)] (p : P) :

⇑(euclidean_geometry.reflection s₁) p = ⇑(euclidean_geometry.reflection s₂) p ↔ ↑(⇑(euclidean_geometry.orthogonal_projection s₁) p) = ↑(⇑(euclidean_geometry.orthogonal_projection s₂) p)

Reflecting a point in two subspaces produces the same result if and only if the point has the same orthogonal projection in each of those subspaces.

theorem euclidean_geometry.dist_reflection {V : Type u_1} {P : Type u_2} [normed_add_comm_group V] [inner_product_space ℝ V] [metric_space P] [normed_add_torsor V P] (s : affine_subspace ℝ P) [nonempty ↥s] [complete_space ↥(s.direction)] (p₁ p₂ : P) :

has_dist.dist p₁ (⇑(euclidean_geometry.reflection s) p₂) = has_dist.dist (⇑(euclidean_geometry.reflection s) p₁) p₂

The distance between p₁ and the reflection of p₂ equals that between the reflection of p₁ and p₂.

theorem euclidean_geometry.dist_reflection_eq_of_mem {V : Type u_1} {P : Type u_2} [normed_add_comm_group V] [inner_product_space ℝ V] [metric_space P] [normed_add_torsor V P] (s : affine_subspace ℝ P) [nonempty ↥s] [complete_space ↥(s.direction)] {p₁ : P} (hp₁ : p₁ ∈ s) (p₂ : P) :

has_dist.dist p₁ (⇑(euclidean_geometry.reflection s) p₂) = has_dist.dist p₁ p₂

A point in the subspace is equidistant from another point and its reflection.

theorem euclidean_geometry.reflection_mem_of_le_of_mem {V : Type u_1} {P : Type u_2} [normed_add_comm_group V] [inner_product_space ℝ V] [metric_space P] [normed_add_torsor V P] {s₁ s₂ : affine_subspace ℝ P} [nonempty ↥s₁] [complete_space ↥(s₁.direction)] (hle : s₁ ≤ s₂) {p : P} (hp : p ∈ s₂) :

⇑(euclidean_geometry.reflection s₁) p ∈ s₂

The reflection of a point in a subspace is contained in any larger subspace containing both the point and the subspace reflected in.

theorem euclidean_geometry.reflection_orthogonal_vadd {V : Type u_1} {P : Type u_2} [normed_add_comm_group V] [inner_product_space ℝ V] [metric_space P] [normed_add_torsor V P] {s : affine_subspace ℝ P} [nonempty ↥s] [complete_space ↥(s.direction)] {p : P} (hp : p ∈ s) {v : V} (hv : v ∈ (s.direction)ᗮ) :

⇑(euclidean_geometry.reflection s) (v +ᵥ p) = -v +ᵥ p

Reflecting an orthogonal vector plus a point in the subspace produces the negation of that vector plus the point.

theorem euclidean_geometry.reflection_vadd_smul_vsub_orthogonal_projection {V : Type u_1} {P : Type u_2} [normed_add_comm_group V] [inner_product_space ℝ V] [metric_space P] [normed_add_torsor V P] {s : affine_subspace ℝ P} [nonempty ↥s] [complete_space ↥(s.direction)] {p₁ : P} (p₂ : P) (r : ℝ) (hp₁ : p₁ ∈ s) :

⇑(euclidean_geometry.reflection s) (r • (p₂ -ᵥ ↑(⇑(euclidean_geometry.orthogonal_projection s) p₂)) +ᵥ p₁) = -(r • (p₂ -ᵥ ↑(⇑(euclidean_geometry.orthogonal_projection s) p₂))) +ᵥ p₁

Reflecting a vector plus a point in the subspace produces the negation of that vector plus the point if the vector is a multiple of the result of subtracting a point's orthogonal projection from that point.